Performance Comparisons - (Numerical)

This vignette profiles FileArray operations and compares with R native functions. The goal is to

1. Benchmark different ways to operate on file arrays (write, read, subset, transform, …)
2. Compare with other methods to see what file array can and cannot do.

The simulation was performed on MacBook Air 2020 (M1 Chip, ARM, 8GB RAM), with R 4.1.0. To reproduce the results, please install CRAN packages dipsaus and microbenchmark.

Setup

We mainly test the performance of double and float data type. The dimensions for both arrays are 100x100x100x100. Both arrays are around 800MB in native R. This is because R does not have float precision. However, while double array occupies 800MB space on the hard disk, float array only uses half size (400MB).

library(filearray)

options(digits = 3)
filearray_threads()
#> [1] 8

# Create file array and initialize partitions
set.seed(1)
file <- tempfile()
unlink(file, recursive = TRUE)
x_dbl <- filearray_create(file, rep(100, 4))
x_dbl$initialize_partition()

file <- tempfile()
unlink(file, recursive = TRUE)
x_flt <- filearray_create(file, rep(100, 4), type = 'float')
x_flt$initialize_partition()

# 800 MB double array
y <- array(rnorm(length(x_dbl)), dim(x_dbl))

Simulation

The simulation contains

• Write speed
  • Writing along margin
  • Writing chunks of data
• Read speed
  • Read all the data
  • Read along margins
  • Random access
• Collapse

Write

1. Write along margin

Writing along margins refer to something like x[,,,i] <- v (along the last margin), or x[,i,,] <- v (along the second margin). It is always recommended to write along the last margin, and always discouraged to write along the first margin to file arrays.

1. partition margin

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = {
    for(i in 1:100){
      x_dbl[,,,i] <- y[,,,i]
    }
  },
  float = {
    for(i in 1:100){
      x_flt[,,,i] <- y[,,,i]
    }
  }, unit = 's', times = 3
)

#> Unit: seconds
#>    expr   min    lq mean median   uq  max neval
#>  double 0.933 0.935 1.44  0.936 1.69 2.45     3
#>   float 1.027 1.057 1.07  1.086 1.10 1.11     3

2. Write along fast margin

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = {
    for(i in 1:100){
      x_dbl[,,i,] <- y[,,i,]
    }
  },
  float = {
    for(i in 1:100){
      x_flt[,,i,] <- y[,,i,]
    }
  }, unit = 's', times = 3
)

#> Unit: seconds
#>   expr  min   lq mean median   uq  max neval
#> double 1.23 1.27 1.47   1.30 1.59 1.89     3
#>  float 1.23 1.24 1.41   1.24 1.50 1.76     3

3. Writing along slow margin

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = {
    for(i in 1:100){
      x_dbl[i,,,] <- y[i,,,]
    }
  },
  float = {
    for(i in 1:100){
      x_flt[i,,,] <- y[i,,,]
    }
  }, unit = 's', times = 3
)
#> Unit: seconds
#>    expr   min    lq  mean median    uq   max neval
#>  double  3.18  3.22  3.28   3.27  3.32  3.38     3
#>   float 20.04 20.04 20.44  20.05 20.64 21.22     3

In the current version, converting from double to float introduces overhead that delays the procedure.

2. Write chunks of data

Instead of writing one slice at a time along each margin, we write 100x100x100x5 (10 slices) each time.

1. Write blocks of data along the partition margin

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = {
    for(i in 1:10){
      idx <- (i-1)*10 + 1:10
      x_dbl[,,,idx] <- y[,,,idx]
    }
  },
  float = {
    for(i in 1:10){
      idx <- (i-1)*10 + 1:10
      x_flt[,,,idx] <- y[,,,idx]
    }
  }, unit = 's', times = 3
)

#> Unit: seconds
#>    expr   min    lq  mean median    uq  max neval
#>  double 0.650 0.684 0.911  0.718 1.041 1.37     3
#>   float 0.626 0.662 0.783  0.698 0.861 1.02     3

2. Write blocks of data along the fast margin

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = {
    for(i in 1:10){
      idx <- (i-1)*10 + 1:10
      x_dbl[,,idx,] <- y[,,idx,]
    }
  },
  float = {
    for(i in 1:10){
      idx <- (i-1)*10 + 1:10
      x_flt[,,idx,] <- y[,,idx,]
    }
  }, unit = 's', times = 3
)

#> Unit: seconds
#>    expr   min    lq  mean median    uq   max neval
#>  double 0.582 0.620 0.668  0.657 0.710 0.763     3
#>   float 0.625 0.652 0.732  0.679 0.786 0.893     3

3. Write blocks of data along slow margin

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = {
    for(i in 1:10){
      idx <- (i-1)*10 + 1:10
      x_dbl[idx,,,] <- y[idx,,,]
    }
  },
  float = {
    for(i in 1:10){
      idx <- (i-1)*10 + 1:10
      x_flt[idx,,,] <- y[idx,,,]
    }
  }, unit = 's', times = 3
)
#> Unit: seconds
#>    expr  min   lq mean median   uq  max neval
#>  double 4.48 4.48 4.64   4.48 4.72 4.95     3
#>   float 2.64 2.70 2.73   2.77 2.78 2.79     3

Read

1. Read the whole array

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  double = { x_dbl[] },
  float = { x_flt[] },
  unit = 's', times = 3
)

#> Unit: seconds
#>    expr   min    lq  mean median    uq   max neval
#>  double 0.155 0.172 0.185  0.188 0.200 0.211     3
#>   float 0.104 0.106 0.144  0.107 0.164 0.220     3

2. Read along margins

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  farr_double_partition_margin = { x_dbl[,,,1] },
  farr_double_fast_margin = { x_dbl[,,1,] },
  farr_double_slow_margin = { x_dbl[1,,,] },
  farr_float_partition_margin = { x_flt[,,,1] },
  farr_float_fast_margin = { x_flt[,,1,] },
  farr_float_slow_margin = { x_flt[1,,,] },
  native_partition_margin = { y[,,,1] },
  native_fast_margin = { y[,,1,] },
  native_slow_margin = { y[1,,,] },
  times = 100L, unit = "ms"
)

#> Unit: milliseconds
#>                          expr   min    lq  mean median    uq    max neval
#>  farr_double_partition_margin  2.01  2.66  4.02   2.85  3.64  71.06   100
#>       farr_double_fast_margin  1.35  1.99  3.16   2.35  3.79  25.88   100
#>       farr_double_slow_margin 33.25 36.52 44.11  37.32 38.76 125.61   100
#>   farr_float_partition_margin  1.77  2.40  3.96   2.61  3.66  58.17   100
#>        farr_float_fast_margin  1.33  1.85  2.80   2.08  3.43  11.01   100
#>        farr_float_slow_margin 14.98 18.86 23.42  19.54 20.47 160.90   100
#>       native_partition_margin  3.42  3.75  4.14   4.02  4.27   6.89   100
#>            native_fast_margin  3.42  3.96  4.86   4.09  4.64  54.74   100
#>            native_slow_margin 21.52 22.15 24.34  22.65 23.97  91.06   100

The file array indexing is close to handling in-memory arrays in R!

3. Random access

# access 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 sub-array, with random indices
idx1 <- sample(1:100, 50)
idx2 <- sample(1:100, 50)
idx3 <- sample(1:100, 50)
idx4 <- sample(1:100, 50)

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  farr_double = { x_dbl[idx1, idx2, idx3, idx4] },
  farr_float = { x_flt[idx1, idx2, idx3, idx4] },
  native = { y[idx1, idx2, idx3, idx4] },
  times = 100L, unit = "ms"
)

#> Unit: milliseconds
#>         expr   min    lq mean median   uq   max neval
#>  farr_double 11.68 13.13 18.9  13.81 15.2 143.3   100
#>   farr_float  8.29  8.89 12.0   9.95 10.6  63.6   100
#>       native 30.86 31.94 34.0  32.62 33.1 103.0   100

Random access could be faster than base R (also much less memory!)

Collapse

Collapse calculates the margin sum/mean. Collapse function in filearray uses single thread. This is because the bottle-neck often comes from hard-disk accessing speed. However, it is still faster than native R, and is more memory-efficient.

keep <- c(2, 4)
output <- filearray_create(tempfile(), dim(x_dbl)[keep])
output$initialize_partition()
microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
  farr_double = { x_dbl$collapse(keep = keep, method = "sum") },
  farr_float = { x_flt$collapse(keep = keep, method = "sum") },
  native = { apply(y, keep, sum) },
  ravetools = { ravetools::collapse(y, keep, average = FALSE) },
  unit = "s", times = 5
)

#> Unit: seconds
#>         expr   min    lq  mean median    uq   max neval
#>  farr_double 0.651 0.666 0.867  0.716 0.718 1.583     5
#>   farr_float 0.628 0.637 0.737  0.642 0.652 1.124     5
#>       native 1.011 1.029 1.128  1.078 1.207 1.316     5
#>    ravetools 0.109 0.110 0.126  0.131 0.138 0.139     5

The ravetools package uses multiple threads to collapse arrays in-memory. It is 7~8x as fast as base R. File array is 1.5~2x as fast as base R. Both ravetools and filearray have little memory over-heads.